Political reforms in Russia encompass changes within the political system aimed at modernizing governance and enhancing democratic processes. These reforms often involve modifications to legislation, electoral systems, and state institutions, with a focus on increasing transparency and accountability. Key factors influencing these reforms include the economic situation, public opinion, external political pressures, and levels of […]

Social movements in Russia are organized collective actions by citizens aimed at changing social, political, or economic conditions. These movements address a wide range of issues, including human rights, environmental protection, and gender equality. Emerging prominently since the late 20th century, social movements play a significant role in shaping public opinion and influencing government policies, […]

The article focuses on the external policy of Russia, which encompasses its actions and strategies for interacting with other states, including diplomatic, economic, and military dimensions. Key objectives of Russia’s foreign policy involve the protection of national interests, the formation of alliances, and participation in international organizations like the United Nations (UN) and the Shanghai […]

The article focuses on the ecological policy of Russia, which encompasses a range of measures and initiatives aimed at protecting the environment through laws, programs, and projects that regulate natural resource use. Key objectives include reducing environmental impact, enhancing ecological conditions, and adhering to international agreements. Public opinion plays a significant role in shaping this […]

The article examines the party system of Russia, which comprises various political parties operating within the country, including both registered and active entities. Key parties such as “United Russia,” the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), and “Just Russia” play significant roles in shaping the political landscape […]

Russian democracy is a political governance system rooted in the principles of popular sovereignty and elected authorities, characterized by free elections, multiparty systems, and human rights protections. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Russian democracy has experienced significant developments, including the adoption of the 1993 Constitution, which enshrined democratic principles. […]

Elections in Russia are a structured process for selecting government representatives at federal, regional, and municipal levels, governed by the Federal Law on Elections. The electoral system combines majoritarian and proportional elements, with oversight provided by the Central Election Commission. Key aspects include the principles of universal suffrage, equality, and secret voting, along with age […]

The President of Russia serves as the head of state and a pivotal figure within the country’s political system, responsible for leading the executive branch and representing Russia internationally. This role encompasses a range of powers, including the authority to veto laws, initiate legislation, appoint the Prime Minister and government officials, and oversee national security […]

Corruption in Russia is a pervasive issue affecting various sectors of society, with the country ranking 136th out of 180 in the 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International. The scale of corruption is highlighted by over 50,000 recorded corruption-related crimes in 2021, indicating a widespread problem that undermines economic development and social trust. Key […]

The article focuses on the security and defense strategies of the Russian Federation, encompassing military, economic, and informational security measures. It outlines how military security aims to protect against external aggression, while economic security ensures financial stability and national interests. Informational security safeguards data and systems from cyber threats. Key strategies include military modernization, international […]